Exploring the Online Purchase of Modafinil Without Prescription: An Observational Study The rise of the internet has transformed the way individuals access medications, with many turning to online platforms to procure drugs that were once only available through traditional pharmacies. One such medication that has garnered significant attention is modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting agent commonly prescribed for conditions like narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. However, a growing trend has emerged where individuals seek to buy modafinil online without a prescription, raising questions about the implications of this behavior on public health, safety, and the regulation of pharmaceuticals. Modafinil is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in many countries, including the United States, due to its potential for abuse and dependence. Nevertheless, its reputation as a cognitive enhancer has led to its off-label use among healthy individuals seeking to improve focus, productivity, and overall cognitive performance. The accessibility of modafinil through online vendors, often without the need for a prescription, presents a unique case study in the intersection of consumer behavior, health regulation, and ethical considerations. To understand the dynamics of purchasing modafinil online without a prescription, an observational study was conducted involving various online platforms that sell this medication. The aim was to analyze the prevalence of such transactions, the demographics of the consumers, and the motivations driving this behavior. The study also sought to identify the potential risks associated with obtaining modafinil through unregulated sources. The research process began with a comprehensive review of popular online pharmacies and websites that advertised modafinil for sale. A total of 30 websites were identified, ranging from well-known online pharmacies to obscure sites that appeared to operate in a legal gray area.